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Printing, as a manufacturing and communication technology, has evolved significantly over centuries, transitioning from manual techniques to highly automated, digital, and industrial-scale processes. The fundamental goal of printing is to reproduce text, images, or patterns onto a substrate, typically paper, fabric, metal, or plastic, using a combination of physical and chemical methods. Among the multitude of printing techniques available today, three major processes dominate the landscape: relief printing, intaglio printing, and planographic printing. Each of these processes relies on distinct principles and technologies, offering unique advantages and applications in modern production and emerging technologies. Relief Printing is one of the oldest forms of printing, with historical roots extending back to woodblock printing in ancient China. In relief printing, the image or text to be printed is raised above the non-printing areas on a printing surface. The raised areas are inked, while the recessed areas remain ink-free, and the substrate is pressed against the surface to transfer the inked image. Traditional relief printing includes letterpress, woodcut, and flexography. Letterpress, historically used for books ________ ____ ________ ________ _______ ___ _________.
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