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The period following the decline of the Gupta Empire, roughly from the 6th to the 12th century CE, witnessed significant transformations in the pattern of urbanization in north India. Post-Gupta urbanism is characterized by shifts in economic structures, administrative arrangements, religious patronage, and urban morphology. While the Gupta period marked a high point of classical urban culture, the post-Gupta era saw a reconfiguration of urban centers influenced by political fragmentation, agrarian expansion, and changes in trade networks. Understanding the salient features of post-Gupta urbanism in north India involves analyzing its economic foundations, urban morphology, religious and cultural significance, and the nature of trade and craft production. One of the salient features of post-Gupta urbanism was the relative decline of some of the older urban centers and the emergence of new towns closely linked with agrarian expansion. The weakening of centralized political authority after the fall of the Gupta Empire resulted in the rise of numerous regional kingdoms and smaller principalities, such as the Gurjara-Pratiharas in Rajasthan, the Palas in Bihar and Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas in the Deccan with their northern influences. Urban centers were ____ _________ ____ ________ _________ _________ _____.
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