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Urban planning in the Harappan cities represents one of the most remarkable achievements of ancient civilizations, reflecting a high degree of sophistication, systematic organization, and foresight. The Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BCE to 1750 BCE in present-day India and Pakistan, displayed urban features that were unparalleled in the ancient world. The cities such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Lothal, and others reveal an extraordinary emphasis on city planning, sanitation, and standardized layouts that show a collective effort rather than individual initiative. Unlike many contemporary civilizations that grew in an organic and unplanned manner, Harappan settlements followed a conscious and deliberate planning approach, which makes their study significant in understanding the roots of urbanization in the Indian subcontinent. One of the most striking aspects of Harappan urban planning was the use of a grid system. Cities were laid out on a rectilinear plan where streets intersected each other at right angles, forming a well-defined grid pattern. This geometric precision indicates a deep understanding of surveying and spatial organization. The main streets were wide, ranging up to 10 meters, and often oriented in a north-south and east-west alignment, which suggests not only aesthetic order but also functional efficiency in traffic management and ventilation. Secondary streets branched off from the main ones, leading to residential quarters, indicating a hierarchical street planning. Such uniformity across several Harappan sites shows that urban planning was not accidental but a standardized principle followed by the civilization. The division of the city into distinct areas ____ _______ ____ __________ ______ ______.
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