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The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 marked a historic step in India’s democratic and governance framework by granting constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Prior to these amendments, local self-governing institutions existed in different states but lacked uniformity, autonomy, and constitutional recognition. These two amendments institutionalized the concept of democratic decentralization, ensuring that governance functions were brought closer to the people, enhancing participation, accountability, and responsiveness in the delivery of public services. The 73rd Amendment focused on rural governance through Panchayati Raj, while the 74th targeted urban governance through municipalities. Together, they laid the foundation for strengthening grassroots democracy in India. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, which came into effect on 24 April 1993, applies to Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas. Its salient features begin with the provision of a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj across the country at the village, intermediate (block), and district levels. This structure made it mandatory for states to establish a uniform institutional framework for rural local governance. Further, the Act provided for direct elections to all seats in the Panchayats, including the chairpersons at different levels, ensuring popular participation in governance. To ensure inclusivity, the Act mandated reservations of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women. Notably, not less than one-third of the seats at all levels were reserved for women, which significantly boosted female political _________ ____ ___ ______ _____.
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