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The *Arthasastra*, traditionally attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya), is one of the most significant treatises on statecraft, administration, economy, military organization, and urban planning in ancient India. Composed around the fourth century BCE, though incorporating earlier traditions and later interpolations, it provides a systematic account of urban settlements and their administrative, economic, and strategic significance. The text reflects a highly developed understanding of cities as centres of governance, commerce, defence, and social organization. Among the different categories of urban settlements mentioned in the *Arthasastra*, the capital town, *nagara*, and *mahanagara* occupy a prominent place, each representing a distinct level of urban development and administrative importance. The capital town occupied the highest position in the hierarchy of settlements. It was the political and administrative headquarters of the kingdom, serving as the residence of the king, members of the royal family, ministers, military commanders, and senior officials. Kautilya regarded the capital not merely as the seat of power but also as the nerve centre from which the entire kingdom was governed. The prosperity and security of the kingdom depended largely upon the proper planning, maintenance, and defence of the capital. The *Arthasastra* provides detailed guidelines regarding the location of the capital town. It should ideally be situated in a region possessing fertile agricultural land, abundant water resources, forests, mines, and communication routes. The surrounding countryside was expected to support agricultural production and provide essential supplies during normal times as well as during emergencies. Strategic considerations ____ ___ _________ __________ ________ __________ __________ ________ ______ _________.
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