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Early urbanism in India refers to the emergence and development of some of the earliest cities in the Indian subcontinent, particularly during the Indus Valley Civilization around the third millennium BCE. The rise of urban settlements marked a significant transformation from rural and village-based societies to complex urban communities with organized economic, social, political, and cultural systems. The cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, and other settlements represent the remarkable achievements of early Indian urbanism. These cities displayed advanced planning, technological innovation, economic specialization, and social organization, which distinguished them from earlier settlements. One of the most important characteristics of early urbanism in India was systematic town planning. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were carefully designed according to a planned layout. Many settlements were divided into two major sections: the citadel area and the lower town. The citadel was generally located on a raised platform and contained important public buildings, while the lower town consisted of residential areas. Streets were arranged in a grid pattern, with roads intersecting at right angles. This indicates a high level of urban planning and administrative control. The presence of standardized layouts across different cities suggests that ______ ___ ____ _____ _______ ___ ____ _____.
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