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The Neolithic culture of India marks a significant stage in the transition from the food-gathering economy of the Mesolithic period to a food-producing economy based on agriculture and animal domestication. The term 'Neolithic' literally means 'New Stone Age' and is characterized by the use of polished stone tools, settled village life, pottery, domestication of plants and animals, and gradual technological and social advancement. In India, the Neolithic phase did not emerge simultaneously across all regions. Instead, different regional cultures developed independently under varying environmental conditions, resulting in considerable diversity in material culture, economy, and settlement patterns. The beginning of the Neolithic period in the Indian subcontinent is generally dated to around 7000 BCE at Mehrgarh in present-day Balochistan, though in other parts of India the Neolithic began much later, between 3000 BCE and 2000 BCE. The Neolithic continued in many regions until the emergence of Chalcolithic cultures and, in some areas, even coexisted with the Iron Age. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the Neolithic culture spread across northwestern India, the Kashmir Valley, the Ganga Valley, eastern India, central India, southern India, and the northeastern hills, each region exhibiting distinct characteristics. Mehrgarh represents the earliest evidence of the Neolithic in the Indian subcontinent. Excavations have revealed mud-brick houses, granaries, domesticated wheat and barley, cattle, sheep, and goats. The people also practised early dentistry, made ornaments from shells and semi-precious stones, and buried their dead with grave goods. Pottery initially was absent but appeared in later phases. Mehrgarh demonstrates the gradual evolution from a simple agricultural settlement to a more complex village economy and laid the foundation for later urban developments in _____ _______ ________ ___ _________ ____ _____.
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