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The classical period in Japan, broadly defined from the Nara period (710–794) through the Heian period (794–1185), laid the cultural, political, and religious foundations of Japanese society. Although the question relates to the course "History of Modern East Asia: Japan (1868–1945)," understanding the classical period is essential because Meiji-era reforms and modernization were often juxtaposed against classical traditions. During the classical period, Japan developed its distinct identity influenced by but also diverging from Chinese models. The characteristics of this period can be examined under political, cultural, social, and religious dimensions. One of the most defining characteristics of the classical period was the establishment of a centralized state, particularly during the Nara period. The adoption of the Ritsuryō system—legal codes based on Tang dynasty Chinese models—was a significant political innovation. Under this system, a bureaucratic state was formed with an emperor at the top, supported by aristocrats and a hierarchy of officials. The Ritsuryō laws regulated land ownership, taxation, and military conscription, thereby enabling the state to exercise greater control over the provinces. Although in practice the system never functioned as efficiently as intended, it laid the groundwork for the Japanese state system that would evolve over the centuries. During the Nara period, Japan saw its first permanent capital established in Heijō-kyō (modern-day Nara), modeled after the Tang capital of Chang’an. This reflects another key characteristic of ___ ____ _________ ____ ______.
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