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Growth in human beings is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, nutritional, and hormonal factors. Within the field of physical anthropology, genetic factors hold a foundational place in understanding human development and growth patterns. These genetic factors regulate not only the pace and extent of growth but also the final morphology of an individual. The study of such genetic influences involves understanding the inheritance of growth-related traits, chromosomal patterns, gene expression, and interactions between multiple genes. Genetic factors provide the blueprint that governs cellular activity, hormonal regulation, skeletal development, and muscular formation, making them crucial in the anthropological study of human variation and evolution. One of the fundamental genetic aspects affecting growth is the role of heredity. Traits such as height, body proportions, and general body build are inherited from parents through genes. Studies on monozygotic and dizygotic twins have consistently shown that there is a high heritability component in height, often estimated to be around 80%. This means that much of the variability in stature among individuals in a population can be attributed to genetic differences. Similarly, other growth parameters such as sitting height, limb length, and cranial dimensions also show significant heritability. Genes involved in growth include those ____ _________ ____ ______ _____ ________ _______.
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