Discuss the fundamental duties provisions pertaining to environment in the Indian Constitution. Discuss the features of National conservation strategy for the conservation of the natural resources.

The Indian Constitution, which serves as the guiding framework of the nation, lays significant emphasis on the protection and improvement of the environment. Environmental legislations in India derive their strength and legitimacy from constitutional provisions, including the Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights, and especially the Fundamental Duties. In this context, two major areas hold relevance — the constitutional provisions under Fundamental Duties relating to environmental protection, and the National Conservation Strategy for the conservation of natural resources. These elements collectively shape India's environmental governance framework and policy direction.

Fundamental Duties and Environmental Protection

Fundamental Duties were incorporated into the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, under Article 51A. This amendment was introduced based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee, with the intention to emphasize the responsibilities of citizens towards the nation, alongside their rights. Among the eleven Fundamental Duties, Article 51A(g) directly addresses the environment, stating:

“It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.”

This provision, although not enforceable in a court of law like Fundamental Rights, holds great symbolic and moral value. It enshrines the notion that environmental protection is not merely a governmental responsibility but also an ethical obligation of every citizen. It serves as a foundational principle guiding environmental policies and legislation. Courts in India, particularly the Supreme Court and various High Courts, have frequently _______ ____ __________ ___ ________ ________.
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