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Surat, a prominent port city in western India, held significant commercial and strategic importance during the Mughal period, emerging as a major center of maritime trade, textiles, and cultural exchange. However, in the second half of the 18th century, Surat witnessed a notable decline, losing its commercial prominence and urban vitality. This decline was not the result of a single cause but a combination of political, economic, administrative, and environmental factors that gradually eroded its position. Understanding the decline of Surat within the broader context of urbanisation in India during this period reveals the interconnected nature of trade, power structures, and global shifts. One of the foremost factors contributing to Surat’s decline was the collapse of centralized Mughal authority. As the Mughal Empire weakened in the early 18th century, the imperial patronage and protection that Surat had enjoyed diminished rapidly. The Mughal court had provided administrative stability, revenue support, and maritime security, all of which were crucial for the functioning of a major trading port. As the empire fragmented, regional powers began asserting control over different parts of India, ______ _______ _______ ________ __________ ________ _____ _____ ___ _________ ____.
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