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The concept of development has undergone significant evolution over the past century, reflecting changing understandings of human well-being, economic growth, and social transformation. Initially, development was largely equated with economic growth, with a strong emphasis on industrialization, modernization, and the accumulation of capital. In the post-World War II era, development strategies were primarily guided by the assumption that economic expansion would automatically lead to improved living standards, reduction of poverty, and overall societal progress. Early models, such as the linear stages of growth proposed by economists like Rostow, emphasized industrialization as a key driver, while development policies often focused on increasing national income, infrastructure, and production capacity. This period saw the rise of large-scale investments in physical capital and technological advancements, with development seen as a unidirectional process measured through GDP and other economic indicators. Over time, critiques of purely economic approaches highlighted their limitations, particularly in addressing human welfare and social equity. Scholars and practitioners began to stress that development should not be confined to material ___ _________ ____ _________ _______ ___ ______ _______.
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