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The emergence of Bombay (now Mumbai) as a working-class city is a significant chapter in the history of urbanisation in India. Its evolution from a cluster of seven fishing villages into a thriving port and industrial hub was shaped by colonial economic policies, infrastructural development, migration patterns, and the consolidation of a distinct working-class culture. The transformation of Bombay reflects broader processes of industrialisation, labour mobilisation, and socio-spatial restructuring, especially from the mid-19th to the 20th century. The foundations of Bombay’s transformation were laid in the colonial period when the British East India Company took possession of the islands in 1661. However, it was not until the 19th century that Bombay began to emerge as a commercial and industrial centre. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 dramatically reduced the distance between Europe and India, making Bombay a prime location for maritime trade. Its natural harbour and proximity to cotton-growing regions of the Deccan Plateau made it ideal for the development of the cotton textile industry. The American Civil War (1861–1865) disrupted cotton supply to Britain from the southern United States, and Bombay rapidly emerged as a substitute source, giving impetus to the growth of its cotton trade and related industries. The establishment of textile mills was the most significant economic development contributing to Bombay’s emergence as a working-class city. The first cotton mill, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was set up in 1854. By the early 20th century, Bombay had become the leading centre of cotton textile production in India, with over 80 mills operating by the 1920s. This rapid industrialisation generated a huge demand for labour. Workers were drawn from rural areas ____ _________ _____ _______ _____ _______ ____ _______ ___ _________.
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