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The educational status of marginalised groups in India remains a pressing concern within the sociology of education. Marginalised communities—including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), religious minorities (especially Muslims), women, and persons with disabilities—continue to face significant structural and social barriers in accessing quality education. These disparities are rooted in historical exclusion, socio-economic deprivation, cultural discrimination, and systemic inequalities, which persist despite numerous constitutional guarantees and policy interventions aimed at promoting inclusive education. The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Education under Article 21A, and various other provisions like Article 15, 17, 46, and 350A advocate for the protection and educational advancement of socially and educationally backward classes. However, despite these legal assurances, marginalised groups continue to experience lower enrolment rates, high dropout rates, poor learning outcomes, and limited access to higher education. Scheduled Castes (SCs): The Scheduled Castes, historically subjected to untouchability and caste-based discrimination, have made significant strides in education over the decades, yet they still lag behind the general population. As per government data, the literacy rate among SCs remains below the national average. Dropout rates at the primary, secondary, and higher secondary levels are higher among SC students. Many SC students attend poorly resourced government schools and often face discriminatory practices within educational institutions, including social segregation, verbal abuse, and neglect by teachers. These experiences contribute to psychological stress and reduced academic performance. Furthermore, socio-economic disadvantages such as poverty and lack of parental education aggravate their educational marginalisation. Affirmative action measures, including reservations in educational institutions ___ ___ ____ _____ ______ __________ ________ ____ __________.
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