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The global energy sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity generation, heating, and transportation. The reliance on these conventional energy sources leads to the emission of significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), which collectively enhance the greenhouse effect and accelerate climate change. To address this challenge, renewable energy has emerged as a key strategy for mitigating climate change by reducing GHG emissions from the energy sector, while also promoting sustainable development and energy security. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. Each of these sources generates electricity or heat without directly emitting CO₂ or other harmful pollutants associated with fossil fuel combustion. Solar energy, for instance, converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems. Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to drive turbines that generate electricity. Hydropower utilizes the potential energy of water stored in dams or flowing rivers to generate electricity. Biomass energy relies on organic matter such as agricultural residues, wood, or dedicated energy crops, which, when combusted or processed into biofuels, release CO₂ that is largely balanced by the carbon absorbed during the growth of the biomass. Geothermal energy exploits the heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface for electricity generation or direct heating applications. By substituting fossil fuel-based energy with these low-carbon alternatives, renewable energy significantly reduces net GHG emissions from the energy sector. The mitigation potential of renewable energy lies in its ability to decarbonize power ___ _______ _____ _____ ___ _________.
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