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The energy sector is one of the primary contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, with fossil fuel combustion for electricity, heat, and transportation accounting for the majority of emissions. In response to this challenge, renewable energy technologies offer a significant pathway for both mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts. Mitigation efforts aim to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of GHGs, and transitioning to renewable energy is central to this approach. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and bioenergy, emit little to no GHGs during operation, and thus provide a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. The use of renewable energy in electricity generation displaces the reliance on coal, oil, and natural gas, all of which release substantial quantities of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other GHGs. For example, coal-fired power plants emit around 820 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour (kWh), whereas wind and solar power emit approximately 11–48 grams of CO₂ per kWh over their lifecycle, including manufacturing and installation. This dramatic difference in emissions underlines the mitigation potential of renewable energy systems. Solar energy, harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) panels or solar thermal technologies, has witnessed exponential growth due to declining costs, technological advancements, and supportive policies. Once installed, solar PV systems produce electricity without emitting CO₂. India’s National Solar Mission is an example of how renewable energy is being leveraged to reduce carbon emissions. With a target of achieving 280 GW of solar power by 2030, this mission is expected to contribute significantly to emission reductions. Moreover, decentralized solar energy systems help reduce transmission losses and provide energy access in remote areas, fostering both mitigation and ___ ___ ________ __________ ________ ________ ___ ______ _______.
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