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The concept of New Public Management (NPM) emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the inefficiencies and rigidity of traditional public administration. Rooted in neoliberal economic thought and managerial practices of the private sector, NPM aimed to reform public sector institutions by enhancing efficiency, responsiveness, and accountability. New Public Management emphasizes decentralization, performance measurement, market-oriented reforms, and customer-centric services. It marks a shift from bureaucratic, process-driven administration to output-oriented _______ __________ ____ ______ ____.
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