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The serine family of amino acids includes serine, glycine and cysteine, all of which are non-essential amino acids synthesized in the human body. Their biosynthesis is closely interconnected and primarily derived from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate, linking carbohydrate metabolism with amino acid metabolism. This integration reflects the central concept of metabolic connectivity, where intermediates of one pathway serve as precursors for another. The biosynthesis of serine begins from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis. In the first step, 3-phosphoglycerate is oxidized to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, with NAD⁺ acting as a coenzyme and being reduced to NADH. This reaction diverts a glycolytic intermediate toward amino acid ___ _____ ______ ______ __________ _______.
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