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In the rapidly growing digital economy, India has witnessed significant transformations in the fields of e-commerce and cyberspace. The increasing reliance on the internet for business, education, and entertainment has brought forth legal challenges concerning the protection of intellectual property rights. Copyright infringement in the digital sphere has become one of the most contentious issues, particularly regarding the role of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as intermediaries. The position of India on ISP liability for copyright infringement reflects the balance between safeguarding intellectual property rights and ensuring the free flow of information, innovation, and internet access. In Indian cyberspace law, the liability of ISPs has been addressed primarily through the Information Technology Act, 2000, along with its amendments, and in tandem with the Copyright Act, 1957. ISPs, as intermediaries, provide platforms and services that enable users to upload, share, or transmit content. While they do not usually generate infringing content themselves, they serve as conduits through which such content may be disseminated. The key issue has been to determine the extent to which ISPs can be held accountable when copyrighted works are unlawfully uploaded or distributed by users. India’s legal framework follows the principle of “safe harbor” for intermediaries. Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides a conditional exemption from liability for intermediaries, including ISPs, as long as they act as neutral facilitators of communication and do not initiate, select, or modify the transmission of the content in question. This safe harbor, however, is not absolute. The exemption is lost if the intermediary has knowledge of unlawful content and fails to take action to remove it. The provision was further clarified by the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, which require ISPs and other intermediaries to observe due diligence and establish mechanisms for removing infringing or illegal content once notified by rights holders or authorities. When examined through ___ ______ _____ ________ ___ ________ _________ ________ ____ __________ ________ ________.
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