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The structural functional approach to the study of comparative public administration emerged as an influential analytical framework during the 1950s and 1960s, largely shaped by the works of Gabriel Almond, Talcott Parsons, Fred W. Riggs, and other behavioralists who sought to bring scientific rigor into the study of administrative systems. It arose as a reaction against the descriptive, institution-focused, and largely Western-centric orientation of earlier comparative studies. Instead of focusing merely on what administrative structures look like, the structural functional approach focuses on what these structures actually do, how they perform essential functions, and how they adapt within diverse political, economic, and cultural environments. The approach assumes that every political and administrative system, irrespective of its level of development, performs certain basic functions that are necessary for its survival. These functions are carried out through specific structures, which may differ across countries in form, complexity, and effectiveness. By shifting the lens from structural appearance to functional performance, the approach provides a more dynamic and realistic understanding of comparative public administration. A central feature of the structural functional approach is the distinction between structure and function. Structures refer to ______ ________ _______ ________ ______ ___ _________ ___.
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