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Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of *Swaraj* (self-rule) occupies a central place in his philosophy and political thought. While the term was used in the political sphere to demand Indian independence from British colonial rule, Gandhi’s idea of Swaraj went far beyond mere political independence. It encompassed moral, spiritual, economic, and social dimensions, rooted in self-discipline, self-reliance, and self-governance. He envisioned Swaraj as a holistic and ethical framework for personal and collective life. In its narrowest sense, Swaraj referred to political independence from foreign rule. However, Gandhi was deeply critical of the idea that replacing British rulers with Indian ones would constitute true freedom. He believed that political independence was only a means to achieve real freedom, which must involve liberation from all forms of oppression and exploitation—whether political, social, economic, or spiritual. For Gandhi, Swaraj required inner self-mastery and ethical conduct at both individual and societal levels. Gandhi made a clear distinction between *external rule* (political domination by a foreign power) and *internal rule* (control over one’s desires and actions). He held that without internal freedom, political independence was meaningless. This inner Swaraj meant the ability to control one's passions, desires, and ego. He __________ ________ _________ _____ ____ ______ ___ ________ _____ _________ ________ ___.
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