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The colonial and post-colonial forest policies in India reflect a shift in approaches to forest governance, conservation, and use, significantly impacting indigenous communities, ecological systems, and state control. From the lens of Environmental Anthropology, these policies are not merely legal or administrative frameworks but sociocultural instruments of power, identity, and ecological change. They have shaped human-environment relationships, transformed traditional livelihoods, and introduced new regimes of knowledge, surveillance, and resource appropriation. During the colonial period, the British administration viewed forests as economic resources for the empire. The emphasis was placed on commercial exploitation of timber, particularly for railway construction, shipbuilding, and urban expansion. This commodification of forests disregarded indigenous knowledge systems and the subsistence needs of forest-dependent communities. Environmental Anthropology critically examines how colonial forest policies marginalized traditional ecological practices and imposed a scientific forestry model that alienated local populations from their environment. The formalization of forest policy began with the Indian Forest Act of 1865, which gave the British state the right to declare any land as government forest. It was followed by the more comprehensive Indian Forest Act of 1878, which categorized forests into reserved, protected, and village forests. Reserved forests were the most strictly regulated and excluded community access. The 1878 Act institutionalized the authority of the forest department and criminalized customary practices such as shifting cultivation, hunting, grazing, and forest product collection. These measures led to widespread displacement, loss of livelihoods, and ecological disruptions, as monoculture plantations replaced diverse forest ecosystems. Forest policies were further consolidated with ______ __________ _______ _____ ____ __________ _________ _______ _________.
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