Ecological succession

Ecological succession refers to the process of gradual and predictable changes in the structure and composition of an ecological community over time. It occurs in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and is driven by various factors, including disturbances, environmental conditions, and interactions among species. Here are some key points about ecological succession:

1. Primary Succession: Primary succession occurs in environments where no previous community existed, such as bare rock, lava flows, or newly formed land surfaces. It starts with pioneer species, such as lichens and ________ ______ _______ ____ ____ ______ __________.
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