Discuss any two major coastal hazards with their causes. Write the important measures can be taken to protect human and economic loss from their impact.

Coastal areas are highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards due to their geographical location between land and sea. These hazards not only pose risks to human life but also to property, ecosystems, and economic activities such as tourism, fishing, and agriculture. Among the many coastal hazards, two of the most significant are storm surges and coastal erosion. Each of these hazards has distinct causes and consequences, and mitigating their impacts requires effective planning and management strategies.

Storm Surges:
A storm surge is a temporary rise in sea level that occurs during a storm, particularly tropical cyclones or hurricanes. It is caused by the strong winds of the storm pushing seawater onto the land, combined with low atmospheric pressure which allows the sea to rise further. Storm surges can lead to massive flooding in coastal areas, submerging low-lying regions, causing significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human settlements. These surges are particularly dangerous in densely populated coastal areas, where they can cause widespread destruction and loss of life.

The primary causes of storm surges include:
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