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Environmental protection has become a vital constitutional and legal concern due to increasing industrialization, urbanization, and resource exploitation. In India, the Constitution provides a strong framework for environmental protection through fundamental rights, directive principles, and fundamental duties. Though the original Constitution of 1950 did not explicitly mention environmental protection, later amendments, judicial interpretations, and policy developments have strengthened environmental governance within the constitutional structure. One of the most significant constitutional provisions related to the environment is Article 21, which guarantees the Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Over time, the judiciary has expanded the interpretation of this article to include the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. The Supreme Court of India has played a major role in this expansion. Through various judgments, the Court has declared that environmental degradation directly affects the quality of life and therefore violates the fundamental right to life. The Court has also applied principles such as sustainable development, polluter pays principle, and precautionary principle to strengthen environmental jurisprudence. Another important constitutional provision is Article 48A, which was inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. This article is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy and directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Though Directive Principles are not legally enforceable in courts, they are fundamental in the governance of the country _______ _____ _______ _____ __________ __________ _________ ____ _______.
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