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The Non-Cooperation Movement was one of the most significant mass movements in the history of India’s freedom struggle. Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, it marked a major turning point by transforming the Indian national movement from an elite-based political struggle into a broad-based mass movement. The movement was initiated in response to several political developments, including the repressive policies of the British government, the Rowlatt Act of 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the Khilafat issue. Gandhi believed that British rule in India survived because of Indian cooperation, and therefore, withdrawing this cooperation would weaken colonial authority. The Non-Cooperation Movement introduced a new method of political struggle based on non-violence and peaceful resistance. Gandhi appealed to Indians to boycott government institutions, foreign goods, titles, and services. The programme included the surrender of government-awarded titles, boycott of legislative councils, refusal to attend government schools and colleges, boycott of British courts, promotion of khadi and swadeshi goods, and ______ __________ ________ ____ _______ _____ ______ ________ _________.
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