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Tribal movements in India have been significant expressions of resistance, identity assertion, and struggles for autonomy among indigenous communities. These movements emerged primarily in response to external interventions that disrupted traditional socio-economic, cultural, and political systems of tribal societies. From the colonial period to the post-independence era, tribal uprisings and organized mobilizations have reflected the determination of tribal communities to protect their land, forest rights, customary laws, and cultural identity. In the context of Introduction to Tribal Studies, tribal movements are understood not merely as rebellions but as collective efforts to resist exploitation, marginalization, and cultural assimilation. During the pre-colonial period, many tribal communities lived relatively autonomous lives in forested and hilly regions, governed by their customary laws and traditional chiefs. Their economies were based on shifting cultivation, hunting-gathering, pastoralism, and small-scale agriculture. However, with the advent of British colonial rule, significant changes were introduced in land revenue systems, forest administration, and resource extraction. The British imposed private property rights over land, declared forests as state property, and restricted shifting cultivation. Moneylenders, _______ _____ ____ ___ _____ ______.
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