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Analysing vulnerability to climate change is a critical process that allows researchers, policymakers, and communities to understand the extent to which natural and human systems are susceptible to climate variability and long-term shifts in climate patterns. Vulnerability is typically understood as a function of three main components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Exposure refers to the degree to which a system is subject to climatic stresses such as temperature rise, droughts, floods, or sea-level rise. Sensitivity relates to how strongly the system is affected by these changes, while adaptive capacity represents the ability of the system to adjust, cope, or recover from adverse impacts. To examine vulnerability, different methods and tools have been developed that combine scientific analysis with participatory approaches. Climate change assessment tools are essential in operationalising these methods, providing frameworks for systematically evaluating vulnerability and enabling evidence-based decision-making. One of the primary methods for analysing vulnerability involves indicator-based approaches. This method develops a set of indicators that reflect the three components of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. For example, exposure indicators may include frequency of heatwaves, annual rainfall variability, or projections of sea-level rise in a particular region. Sensitivity indicators could involve the share of agriculture in local livelihoods, the proportion of population living in flood-prone areas, or dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such _________ _______ __________ _________ ______ ____ ________.
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