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Stomatal opening is a physiological process regulated primarily by the turgor pressure of guard cells, which control the size of the stomatal pore. The mechanism begins with the perception of external and internal stimuli such as light, low carbon dioxide concentration, and circadian rhythms. Light, especially blue light, activates proton pumps (H⁺-ATPases) in the plasma membrane of guard cells, ________ _________ _____ _________ ______ _________ _______ _________.
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