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The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992, is a landmark in the history of democratic decentralization in India. It conferred constitutional status upon the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs), making them an integral part of the governance system in rural areas. This amendment inserted Part IX in the Indian Constitution and added the Eleventh Schedule, thereby providing a structured framework for the establishment and functioning of Panchayats. It was enacted to strengthen grassroots democracy and to involve local people in the planning and implementation of development programs. One of the most significant features of the 73rd Amendment is the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj. This includes the Gram Panchayat at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate or block level, and the Zila Parishad at the district level. States with populations not exceeding 20 lakhs have the discretion to not constitute the intermediate level. This structure ensures democratic decentralization by enabling governance at the lowest level of society. The Gram Sabha is a cornerstone of the Panchayati Raj system. It comprises all adult members (18 years and above) of a village registered in the electoral rolls of a Panchayat. It acts as the foundation of the Panchayat system by approving development plans, reviewing functioning, and supervising the performance of the Gram Panchayat. It serves as a platform for direct democracy where citizens can voice their opinions on local matters. The composition of Panchayats is based on direct elections. Members of the Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad are elected directly by the people through an electoral process. This ____ ________ ___ ________ ________ ___ _____ __________.
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