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Rural migration and underemployment are deeply interconnected phenomena that play a decisive role in shaping the contours of urban poverty in India. The dynamics of migration from rural to urban areas have been a longstanding feature of Indian socio-economic transformation, driven largely by the uneven development between rural and urban regions. Rural underemployment, often masked as disguised unemployment, acts as a push factor for migration, while the lure of urban employment opportunities, even if uncertain, serves as a pull factor. However, the inability of urban centers to absorb this influx adequately leads to the growth of slums, informal employment, and new dimensions of poverty. Examining this issue in the context of rural development in India reveals not only the structural causes of rural migration and underemployment but also the multifaceted implications for urban poverty. Rural India has historically been marked by agrarian predominance. Agriculture employs more than half of the rural workforce, yet its contribution to GDP has steadily declined, creating a mismatch between labor absorption capacity and employment needs. Seasonal unemployment, low productivity, small and fragmented landholdings, inadequate irrigation, and dependence on monsoon make agriculture incapable of ensuring year-round employment. This situation is compounded by underemployment, wherein more workers are engaged in agricultural activities than required, leading to very low per capita productivity. Such disguised unemployment __________ _________ ________ ______ _________ __________ ________ ___.
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