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Rural development in India has been one of the most significant concerns of public policy since independence, as the majority of the Indian population resides in villages and depends on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. At the time of independence in 1947, rural India was characterized by poverty, illiteracy, poor health conditions, low productivity, feudal social structures, and inadequate infrastructure. The Indian government recognized that the development of the rural sector was essential not only for reducing poverty but also for ensuring balanced economic growth, social justice, and political stability. Since then, a wide range of policies, programs, and institutional mechanisms have been introduced to promote rural development. These efforts can be broadly discussed under different phases and thematic areas. The first phase after independence emphasized the community development approach. The Community Development Programme launched in 1952 was the first major initiative aimed at bringing holistic development in villages through integrated efforts in agriculture, irrigation, health, education, housing, and infrastructure. It was designed to encourage people's participation in their own development with government support. Although the program faced challenges in mobilizing local communities, it laid the foundation for future rural development schemes. The Panchayati Raj system was introduced in 1959 following the recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. This system decentralized power and provided villages with institutional structures for self-governance, ensuring that rural people had a direct role in shaping development initiatives. During the Green Revolution period in the 1960s and 1970s, the focus shifted to agricultural productivity. With the introduction of high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation facilities, and mechanization, rural areas, particularly in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, witnessed significant improvements in food production. The Green Revolution ensured food security and transformed India from a food-deficient country into a self-sufficient one. However, the benefits were unevenly _____ _______ ________ ___ ___ ___ ___ _______ ________ _____.
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