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Xerophytes are plants adapted to survive in arid and dry conditions where water availability is limited. Their adaptations involve structural, physiological, and reproductive modifications that minimize water loss, maximize water storage, and ensure survival under water stress. One prominent structural adaptation is the presence of thick cuticles on leaves and stems, which act as a barrier to reduce transpiration. For example, *Opuntia* and *Euphorbia* species have waxy cuticles that prevent water loss from their aerial parts. Another important structural adaptation is the modification of leaves ____ ______ ___ ____ _________.
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