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Helminthes are parasitic worms that infect humans and are broadly classified into nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). They are common in areas with poor sanitation, inadequate hygiene, and limited access to clean water. The modes of spread vary according to the type of helminth. Many intestinal nematodes such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura spread through the fecal–oral route by ingestion of eggs present in contaminated food, water, or soil. Hookworms infect humans when larvae in contaminated soil penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) spreads through direct person-to-person contact and ___ __________ ___ _________ ____ _______ ___ __________ _____ ___ _______.
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