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Griffith’s experiment, conducted in 1928, was a landmark study in molecular biology that provided the first evidence for the existence of a “transforming principle,” later identified as DNA. He worked with *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, a bacterium responsible for pneumonia in mice, which existed in two strains: the smooth (S) strain with a polysaccharide capsule that caused disease, and the rough (R) strain without a capsule, which was non-virulent. The capsule in the S strain protected the bacteria from the host immune system, making it lethal to mice, while the R strain was harmless. Griffith injected four different preparations into separate groups of mice to observe their effects. In the first group, live S strain bacteria were injected, and the mice died, confirming the virulence of the S strain. In the second group, live R strain bacteria were injected, and the mice survived, showing the R strain was non-virulent. In the third group, heat-killed S strain bacteria were injected; the mice also survived, indicating that dead S ____ ______ __________ _________ _________ __________ _______ ________ ____.
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