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Discourse Ethics, developed primarily by Jürgen Habermas, is a normative ethical theory rooted in communication and rational discourse. It aims to establish moral norms based on the presuppositions of argumentation and intersubjective agreement. As a central component of his broader theory of communicative action, Discourse Ethics offers a procedure for determining the validity of moral norms through rational deliberation among free and equal participants. Habermas's contribution to ethics is not to provide a list of moral norms but to present a method for their justification through communicative processes. A general feature of Discourse Ethics is its foundation in linguistic and communicative rationality. Habermas asserts that the ability to engage in rational discourse is a universal human capacity and serves as the foundation for normativity. He develops the theory as an extension of speech act theory, arguing that every act of communication involves implicit claims to validity—truth, rightness, and sincerity. Ethical norms, then, must be justifiable to all those affected, under conditions free of coercion, where participants engage as equals in a rational dialogue. The universality principle (U) proposed by Habermas is central: only those norms are valid to which all affected could agree as participants in a practical discourse. Another core element of Discourse Ethics is its procedural orientation. It does not derive moral content from metaphysical, theological, or utilitarian premises but from the process of ideal communication. The proceduralism ensures _____ _______ ___ ________ ______ ____ ________.
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