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Public participation in policy and planning refers to the active involvement of individuals, communities, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders in the processes of identifying problems, setting priorities, formulating policies, making decisions, implementing plans, and monitoring outcomes that affect their lives and environments. It goes beyond mere information sharing or consultation and emphasizes meaningful engagement where people have opportunities to influence decisions, express their needs and values, and share local knowledge. In the context of ecosystem management and natural resource governance, public participation recognizes that resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries, and biodiversity are shared assets, and their sustainable use depends on inclusive, transparent, and accountable decision-making processes. Public participation operates at different levels, ranging from informing and consulting stakeholders to involving them directly in decision-making and empowering them with authority over certain aspects of resource management. It is grounded in democratic principles, social justice, and the idea that those who bear the costs and benefits of policies should have a voice in shaping them. In environmental policy and planning, participation is particularly significant because resource-use decisions often have long-term ecological impacts, affect livelihoods, and involve competing interests among diverse user groups such as farmers, pastoralists, indigenous communities, industries, urban consumers, _____ _________ ________ ___ _______.
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