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Physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the biological and physical development of the human species. It studies human evolution, variation, genetics, primatology, and the fossil record to understand the biological foundations of humans, both past and present. Physical anthropology integrates biological sciences with anthropological insight to explore how humans have adapted to diverse environments over time, how they have evolved from ancestral species, and how genetic, cultural, and environmental factors contribute to human diversity. The term “physical anthropology” emerged during the 19th century when scholars began to study the anatomical and physiological differences among human populations and their relation to evolutionary theory. Today, physical anthropology includes modern scientific techniques such as DNA analysis, isotopic studies, and comparative anatomy. It bridges the gap between the natural sciences and social sciences, providing a comprehensive understanding of what it means to be human from a biological perspective. The primary aim of physical anthropology is to understand the processes of human biological evolution and diversity. It attempts to explain how humans have come to occupy every ecological niche on Earth, how they have biologically changed over time, and what these changes reveal about adaptation, survival, and reproduction. It is also concerned with the comparison of modern humans to other primates, including extinct species, to trace common ancestors and ________ ___ _______ _______ ________ ________.
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