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Occupational hazards are the potential risks, dangers, or harmful conditions that arise in the workplace and may cause injury, illness, disability, or even death to workers. These hazards are associated with the nature of the job, the working environment, materials used, equipment handled, and the processes performed. Occupational hazards are broadly classified into physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. In the field of Occupational Health and Safety, identifying, assessing, and controlling these hazards is essential to ensure the protection of workers’ health and the promotion of safe working environments. Effective hazard management reduces absenteeism, enhances productivity, and minimizes compensation costs and legal liabilities. Biological hazards are one of the major categories of occupational hazards and refer to exposure to harmful biological agents that can cause diseases or adverse health effects. These agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms, as well as biological toxins and allergens. Biological hazards are commonly encountered in healthcare settings, laboratories, agriculture, animal husbandry, waste management, sewage treatment plants, food processing industries, and research institutions. Workers in these sectors face a higher risk of infection and disease due to frequent contact with contaminated materials, infected individuals, animals, or organic waste. Healthcare workers are particularly vulnerable to biological hazards because they are exposed to blood, body fluids, and infectious materials. Diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS, influenza, COVID-19, and other communicable infections may spread through needlestick injuries, airborne transmission, _____ ___ ________ _____ _________ ____ ________ _________ ____ __________ ______ _____.
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