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Motivation can be defined as the inner drive or psychological process that stimulates an individual to take action, pursue goals, and sustain effort over time. It is the force that directs behavior, energizes individuals, and influences the intensity and persistence of their activities. In the context of Human Resource Development, motivation is of utmost importance because it directly affects employee performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and the overall productivity of an institution. A motivated workforce not only achieves personal goals but also contributes to the collective vision of the organization. Without motivation, even the most skilled employees may fail to perform to their potential, while highly motivated individuals can often exceed expectations despite having limited resources. Over the years, many theories of motivation have been developed by scholars and psychologists to understand what drives human behavior in personal and professional settings. Among these, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory are particularly significant in Human Resource Development. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is one of the most well-known motivational theories proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. According to Maslow, human beings have a hierarchy of needs that influence their behavior, and these needs are arranged in a pyramid structure, progressing from basic to more complex needs. At the base are physiological needs such as food, water, shelter, and clothing, which must be _________ _______ ______ _________ ______ ___ _________ _______ ______.
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