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According to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016, intellectual disability is defined as “a condition characterized by significant limitation both in intellectual functioning (such as reasoning, learning, problem-solving) and in adaptive behavior which covers a range of everyday, social and practical skills, including specific learning disabilities and autism spectrum disorders.” This definition aligns with global standards like those provided by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) and the World Health Organization (WHO), with an emphasis on both cognitive and adaptive aspects of functioning. Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests before the age of 18 and affects an individual’s cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviors. It is not merely a delay in development but a lifelong condition with various levels of severity. The RPWD Act ensures that individuals with intellectual disabilities are entitled to equal rights, protection, and opportunities for inclusion in every aspect of life, including education, employment, healthcare, and participation in the community. Aspects of Intellectual Disability 1. Cognitive and Intellectual Functioning: Cognitive functioning refers to an individual's general mental capacity, including learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. In individuals with intellectual disability, these cognitive abilities are significantly below average. IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests often classify intellectual disability into categories such as mild (IQ 50–69), moderate (IQ 35–49), severe (IQ 20–34), and profound (IQ below 20). However, modern approaches emphasize functional assessment over IQ scores alone. 2. Adaptive Behavior: Adaptive behavior includes conceptual, social, and practical skills that people learn and perform to live independently and function safely and appropriately in daily life. Intellectual disability affects all three areas: * *Conceptual skills*: language, literacy, money, time, number concepts. * *Social _______ _________ ______ ___ _____ _____ _____ ___ ___ _______ _______.
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