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The Hardy-Weinberg Law, also known as the Hardy-Weinberg Principle or Equilibrium, is a fundamental concept in population genetics. It provides a mathematical model that helps to explain how allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that certain assumptions are met. The principle was independently formulated by G.H. Hardy, a British mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, in 1908. At its core, the Hardy-Weinberg Law states that in a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences (such as mutation, selection, migration, or genetic drift), the allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next. This state is referred to as genetic equilibrium. Mathematically, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is represented as: p² + 2pq + q² = 1 Where: * *p* = frequency of the dominant allele (A) * *q* = frequency of the recessive allele (a) * *p²* = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA) * *2pq* = frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa) * *q²* = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) * Also, since there are only two alleles: p + q = 1 This principle provides a null model, meaning that it establishes a _____ ______ ___ ________ _____ _________ ______ ____ _____ ______ _________.
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