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DNA polymorphism refers to the variation in DNA sequence that occurs among individuals of a population. These variations can exist in the form of single nucleotide changes, insertions, deletions, or repetitions of short DNA sequences. DNA polymorphisms are common in the human genome and serve as important markers in genetic mapping, population genetics, evolutionary biology, and the study of genetic diseases. In human genetics, polymorphisms provide the basis for individual variability and can influence traits, susceptibility to diseases, and responses to drugs and environmental factors. For a variation to be considered a polymorphism, it must occur in at least 1% of the population. DNA polymorphisms are broadly classified into several types based on the nature and size of the sequence variation. The major forms include Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), and Copy Number Variations (CNVs). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of DNA polymorphism. They involve a change in a single nucleotide base in the genome sequence. For example, a cytosine (C) may be replaced with a thymine (T) at a specific location. SNPs occur approximately every ___ __________ _________ ________ _______.
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