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Marxism in International Relations (IR) emerged as a critique of the traditional realist and liberal approaches, emphasizing the role of economic structures, class relations, and modes of production in shaping global politics. Rooted in the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marxist theory views the international system as inherently hierarchical and exploitative, shaped by the interests of dominant economic classes and capitalist powers. Unlike realism, which prioritizes the struggle for power and security among states, Marxism foregrounds economic inequality and the global capitalist system as the principal drivers of international interactions. In this perspective, states are not independent actors making rational decisions solely for security or power; they are instruments of the ruling class, reflecting the broader economic interests of global capitalism. Marxist scholars argue that the international system is structured around exploitation, where developed capitalist states dominate and extract surplus from less developed countries, creating persistent inequality and underdevelopment. One of the core contributions of Marxist theory to IR is its analysis of imperialism and economic dependency. Early Marxist thinkers like Vladimir Lenin extended classical Marxism to the global stage, arguing that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism, where capitalist states seek new markets, resources, and ___ ____ ___ __________ ____ ________ _________ __________.
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