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The judiciary in India occupies a central position in the democratic framework as the guardian of the Constitution. Designed as an independent organ, it ensures that the principles enshrined in the Constitution are upheld against executive and legislative excesses. The framers of the Constitution envisaged a judiciary that would not only interpret laws but also act as a protector of fundamental rights, arbiter in disputes, and custodian of constitutional supremacy. Over the decades, the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court of India, has played a proactive role in safeguarding constitutional values, but its functioning has also been subject to criticism on grounds of judicial overreach, pendency of cases, and lack of accountability. The judiciary’s primary function is constitutional interpretation. Since the Constitution is a living document, its provisions require continuous reinterpretation in response to changing social, political, and economic contexts. Through landmark judgments, the courts have expanded the meaning of constitutional rights. For instance, in *Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala* (1973), the Supreme Court propounded the Basic Structure Doctrine, holding that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter its basic structure, such as democracy, secularism, rule of law, and judicial review. This doctrine has since become a bulwark against authoritarianism and ensured the continuity of constitutional ethos. By preventing the legislature from acquiring unlimited amending power, the judiciary has established itself as the final guardian of the Constitution. Judicial review is another significant tool through which the judiciary safeguards the Constitution. Both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to strike down laws or executive actions that are inconsistent with constitutional provisions. In *Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain* (1975), the Court invalidated the amendment that sought to immunize the election of the Prime Minister from judicial scrutiny, asserting that free and fair elections are part of the basic structure. Similarly, in *Minerva Mills v. Union of India* (1980), the Court struck down provisions that attempted to curtail judicial review, reiterating ___ __________ ___ ________ ________ _________ _________ ____ _____ __________.
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