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In the construction industry, accident causation is complex and influenced by technical, human, and organizational factors, which has led to the development of several theories to explain how accidents occur. Two important approaches are the multiple causation theory and the energy transfer theory, both of which provide valuable perspectives for improving safety management. The multiple causation theory, developed as an extension of earlier ideas associated with Herbert William Heinrich, emphasizes that accidents are rarely caused by a single factor. Instead, they result from a combination of unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, management failures, and environmental influences. In construction sites, this theory explains accidents as outcomes of interacting causes such as inadequate training, poor supervision, _________ _____ ____ _________ _______ ______ _____ ______.
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