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The colonial forest policy in India was a significant tool used by the British government to restructure the natural resource base of the country in accordance with imperial interests. It marked a shift from the traditional and community-based forest use to a centralized, state-controlled regime aimed at economic extraction and administrative control. The forest policy under colonial rule was deeply embedded in the political structure of British India, reflecting broader strategies of resource appropriation, bureaucratic expansion, and sociopolitical domination. Initially, forests in India were managed by local communities and indigenous groups who held customary rights over land and forest produce. These rights were governed by traditional practices, deeply intertwined with the livelihood, culture, and spiritual beliefs of tribal and rural populations. However, with the consolidation of British rule, forests were seen increasingly through the lens of economic utility, especially in the context of expanding colonial infrastructure and industry. Forests began to be classified as state property, which could be regulated, taxed, and exploited under bureaucratic norms. One of the earliest systematic efforts to __________ ______ _____ __________ __________ ______ ______ ____.
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