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The capability approach propounded by Amartya Sen represents a paradigm shift in understanding well-being, development, and social justice. Traditional measures of development, particularly those centered on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or per capita income, largely focus on the economic output of a society, often overlooking how individuals actually experience their lives. Sen’s capability approach offers an alternative perspective that places human freedom, opportunity, and agency at the center of development discourse. It emphasizes what people are effectively able to do and to be—their “capabilities”—rather than merely what they possess in terms of income or resources. At the core of the capability approach is the distinction between means and ends. Resources such as income, wealth, or commodities are merely means to achieve certain ends. What truly matters is the extent to which individuals can convert these means into valued functionings. Functionings refer to the various things a person may value doing or being, such as being nourished, being educated, being in good health, or participating in community life. Capabilities, on the other hand, represent the set of real opportunities or freedoms available to __________ __________ ______ ____ _________ ___ ________ ______ _____ __________ ______.
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