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The role of media in the construction of gender is a critical dimension within the study of social stratification. Media—encompassing print, television, film, advertising, and digital platforms—not only reflects societal norms but actively shapes and reinforces gender roles and expectations. In a stratified society, gender intersects with class, caste, race, and other axes of inequality. Through symbolic representation, content framing, and audience targeting, the media contributes to both the perpetuation and the contestation of gendered social hierarchies. From the perspective of social stratification, gender is not merely a biological distinction but a social construct—produced, maintained, and modified through social institutions. The media is one of the most pervasive and influential institutions in this regard. It plays a dual role: while it can challenge dominant narratives and amplify marginalized voices, it often reinforces gender binaries and patriarchal values, thus sustaining unequal power relations. Historically, media representations have largely been androcentric. Men have been portrayed as dominant, rational, and active subjects, while women have been relegated to passive, emotional, and supportive roles. This differential portrayal reflects broader social stratification, where men occupy higher social positions and women are subordinated. For example, in news media, male experts and leaders are quoted more frequently than women, reinforcing the notion of male authority in the public sphere. In television and cinema, leading roles are often male-dominated, with female characters frequently reduced to romantic interests, caregivers, or victims. Advertising, as a powerful form of media, has traditionally reinforced stereotypical gender roles. Women are often portrayed as homemakers, beauty-conscious individuals, or sexualized objects, while men are shown as decision-makers, workers, and protectors. These portrayals align with the gendered division of labor and the patriarchal structure of society, reinforcing the ideology that women belong in the private domain and men in the public. Such _____ ________ _______ ____ _______ _______ _____ _______ _____.
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