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The philosophical basis of environmental movements in India is deeply rooted in the country’s socio-cultural fabric, religious traditions, historical experiences, and collective relationship with nature. India has always maintained a unique and holistic worldview where nature is considered sacred, and this reverence is visible in its ancient texts, rituals, and cultural practices. The philosophical orientation of Indian environmental movements cannot be understood merely in terms of protest or activism but must be seen as an expression of a deeply ingrained ethos that values balance between human life and the natural environment. This worldview has inspired several grassroots initiatives and large-scale mobilizations in independent India, shaping the discourse around ecological preservation, sustainable development, and rights of communities dependent on natural resources. At the heart of Indian environmental philosophy is the idea that nature is not an external entity to be exploited but an integral part of human existence. This idea can be traced back to the Vedas and Upanishads, where the concept of “Prakriti” or nature is celebrated as the very foundation of life. Hindu philosophy advocates the notion of “Rita” or cosmic order, which stresses harmony between humans, animals, and the environment. This emphasis on equilibrium has historically guided the lifestyle of rural communities, where farming, grazing, and forest usage followed cycles designed to ensure regeneration. Buddhism and Jainism further strengthened the idea of compassion toward ___ ________ __________ ______ ___ _______ _______ ______ __________ ______ __________.
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